Near Zinder, Niger, shrubs are cut for fuel and millet is planted on the same sandy fields year after year; dry-season winds then lift the fine soil. What process is beginning?

On Burkina Faso's northern Sahel farms, tree cover is removed and brief storms rush across bare fields, cutting small channels. What directly reduces future harvests there?

In Senegal's Peanut Basin, groundnuts are cropped repeatedly without long fallow periods, so each harvest removes minerals faster than they are replaced. What land problem follows?

On steep maize fields in Malawi's Shire Highlands, forest cover is cleared and heavy rains hit exposed slopes. Which downstream effect is most likely?

In Ethiopia's Tigray highlands, hillsides are plowed on thin soils and little plant cover remains between rains. What consequence follows on the slopes?

In central Chad near Lake Chad, grazing and cropping remove dryland vegetation, and dunes begin to move across former fields. What human consequence can this create?

Ethiopia's Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the Blue Nile stores water for years as its reservoir fills. Why can Sudan and Egypt object downstream?

A Blue Nile dam traps muddy water in a reservoir before it reaches lower farms in Sudan. What downstream objection fits that evidence?

Ethiopia's Gibe III Dam regulates the Omo River before it reaches Kenya's Lake Turkana, where people used seasonal floods for fishing and farming. What is the concern?

Kariba and Cahora Bassa dams regulate the Zambezi before it reaches Mozambique's lower valley and delta. What downstream ecosystem change can result?

Lesotho's highland dams divert some Orange-Senqu headwaters toward South African cities. What issue can downstream users raise?

Lagos, Nigeria, has grown faster than formal housing, piped water, and sewers can be expanded for all residents. What urban pattern follows?

Kinshasa, DR Congo, adds residents faster than roads and bus systems can handle commuting across the city. Which documented consequence fits?

In Nairobi, Kenya, some fast-growing neighborhoods have more residents than sewer lines and safe water systems can serve. What risk increases?

Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, has expanded onto low-lying land while drainage and waste collection lag behind population growth. What hazard becomes more severe?

In Luanda, Angola, population growth has outpaced affordable formal housing near jobs. What land-use result is likely at the urban edge?

Around Lake Victoria in Uganda and Tanzania, warm, wet lowlands have more malaria than nearby cool highlands. What physical factor best explains the pattern?

After floods in Mozambique's lower Limpopo valley, pools of standing water remain in warm weather and malaria cases can rise. What mechanism links the two?

Along parts of Lake Malawi, people contact slow freshwater where snails live, and schistosomiasis is a risk. What geographic condition supports the disease?

In parts of Uganda and Tanzania near Lake Victoria, tsetse flies live in warm woodland and riverine habitats, raising sleeping sickness risk. What explains the pattern?

In northern Ghana, river blindness risk has been associated with villages near fast-flowing rivers where blackflies breed. What physical geography factor matters?

DR Congo exports cobalt and copper from the Copperbelt, yet many communities near mines still lack reliable schools, roads, and electricity. What development pattern does this show?

Angola earns much export revenue from oil, so government income and imports can swing when world oil prices change. What economic pattern is shown?

Zambia exports copper concentrate but imports many higher-value manufactured goods made from minerals and machinery. What development issue does this illustrate?

Sierra Leone exports diamonds and rutile, but mining areas often have few local processing jobs and weak links to other industries. What pattern fits?