A club has 90 band members and 10 chess-team members. Told Sam is quiet and studies openings, Mia guesses Sam is on the chess team. What shortcut is Mia using?

At a company, salespeople outnumber librarians 50 to 1. A quiet employee who loves novels is described, and Jorge guesses librarian. What does his judgment show?

In a school of 800 students, 40 are in robotics. Hearing that Leila builds circuits for fun, a student says she is probably in robotics. What heuristic is this?

A survey includes 300 business majors and 20 art-history majors. Told Alex sketches in museums, Erin guesses art-history major. What bias fits?

A city has far more bus drivers than race-car drivers. After hearing Pat loves speed and engines, Kim guesses race-car driver. What shortcut is at work?

After seeing nonstop tornado footage, Malik judges tornadoes as more likely than heat waves in his state. What heuristic guides his estimate?

One friend's bike is stolen, so Priya thinks bike theft is suddenly common everywhere in town. What shortcut is she using?

After watching several videos about airplane emergencies, Devon thinks flying is more dangerous than driving to vacation. What is this judgment called?

A viral story about food poisoning at a fair makes Rosa avoid all fair food the next weekend. What cognitive shortcut best explains her risk estimate?

After a neighbor is bitten by a dog, Eli decides dog bites are a major daily danger in his neighborhood. What bias is shaping his judgment?

Convinced a study app works, Dana reads only five-star reviews and skips every negative review. What bias is Dana showing?

A false rumor about a teacher is disproved, but Nolan still trusts his first impression because it felt right. What bias is this?

Believing energy drinks improve grades, Tessa searches for articles proving benefits and avoids studies finding no effect. What is this pattern?

A poll shows students like the new lunch schedule, but Marco still insists everyone hates it because he first heard complaints. What bias fits?

During a debate, a team collects only sources that support its side and rejects opposing evidence without reading it. What bias is operating?

Jada says she is 95 percent sure she got every answer right, then misses six questions. What does the gap show?

A group predicts its project will take two hours, but the work takes six. Which bias best explains the prediction?

Before a tournament, Luis says his team is almost guaranteed to win; they lose the first match. What cognitive bias is illustrated?

Patients prefer a surgery described as having a 90 percent survival rate over the same surgery described as having a 10 percent mortality rate. What is shown?

Shoppers buy more yogurt labeled 80 percent fat-free than identical yogurt labeled 20 percent fat. What bias explains the choice change?

A club gets more sign-ups when a fee is described as saving $5 by registering early than when it is described as paying $5 extra later. What is this?

Students rate a test policy better when told 70 percent passed than when told 30 percent failed, although the numbers match. What effect is this?

A charity asks for $100 first; after that, a $40 donation seems small to many students. What bias is influencing them?

A store shows a phone at $900 before offering a similar one for $650, making the second price seem like a bargain. What bias is at work?

Before estimating a used car's value, Ava hears that similar cars sell for $18,000, so her estimate stays near that number. What is this?

One class sees the number 80 before guessing the percent of red marbles in a jar; another sees 20, and their guesses differ. What explains this?

After solving five equation problems by factoring, Ben tries factoring on x + 5 = 9 instead of subtracting 5. What obstacle is this?

After using binder clips only to hold papers all semester, Nia cannot think to use one as a phone stand. What problem-solving barrier is this?

A puzzle series has worked with long division every time, so Omar keeps trying long division on a final puzzle that has a one-step pattern. What is this?

Maya needs a candleholder but ignores the empty tack box because she sees it only as a container. What cognitive obstacle is she showing?