Miwok and Yokuts communities in California gathered a food each fall, stored it in large baskets, and ground it into flour for mush. What food was it?

The Chumash, Ohlone, Tongva, Kumeyaay, Miwok, and Yokuts are California Indian nations whose members still live in California today.

Starting in 1769, Spanish priests and soldiers built missions in California. What was the main purpose of the mission system?

Spanish missionaries built a chain of missions in California linked by a road called El Camino Real. How many missions were in that chain?

Mission churches, adobe walls, workshops, and grain fields all needed constant work. Who did most of that labor at the California missions?

Once California Indian people were baptized at a mission, they were not free to leave whenever they wanted.

Very large numbers of California Indian people died during the mission period. What caused most of these deaths?

In 1821 Mexico won its independence from Spain. What did that change for California?

During the 1830s the Mexican government took the mission lands away from the church. What happened to most of that land?

Rancho owners in Mexican California raised huge herds of cattle. What were those cattle mainly raised for?

A rancho could cover thousands of acres, with cattle to herd and hides to prepare. Who did most of the daily work on Mexican-era ranchos?

Spain began settling Alta California in 1769 partly because it feared another country would claim it. Which country's fur traders were moving south from Alaska?

Why were many California missions built near the coast?

A presidio was a Spanish town where civilian settlers lived and farmed.

What was a pueblo in Spanish California?

What did El Camino Real connect in California?

Some California Indian people resisted the missions by running away or fighting back.

Which activity was common at California missions?

What were mission bells often used for?

Who founded Mission San Diego de Alcalá in 1769?

Mission San Diego de Alcalá was the last Spanish mission founded in Alta California.

What was the job of soldiers at presidios?

San Francisco was the capital of Spanish and Mexican California.

Ships from the United States and Britain visited California ports to trade with rancho owners. What did rancheros mainly receive in exchange for cattle hides and tallow?

What did secularization do to many California missions?

What were ranchos in Mexican California?

Who often granted rancho lands in Mexican California?

What was a ranchero?

Rancheros sold tallow, the fat from their cattle. What was tallow mainly used to make?

During the rancho period, cattle were a major source of wealth in California.

What was a vaquero?

What was a rodeo on a rancho?

Many mission and rancho buildings were made from adobe bricks.

Who were Californios?

How did the rancho system affect many Native Californians?

The mission system helped Native Californians keep their own languages and religions.

Why did a rancho need so much land?

Los Angeles began in 1781 as a Spanish pueblo, a town for farming settlers.

What did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo do in 1848?

Which statement best compares missions and ranchos?