Volunteers gather signatures to place a proposed minimum-wage law directly before voters; the legislature never voted on it. What device is this?

After the state legislature enacts a new zoning law, opponents gather signatures so voters can approve or repeal that law. What device are they using?

A petition names the mayor and seeks an election on whether to remove her from office before her term ends. What device is this?

The state legislature votes to send a proposed constitutional amendment to the voters, and no citizen petition is circulated. What is this ballot route called?

Citizens file text creating an independent redistricting commission and collect valid signatures to put it in the state constitution. What device is this?

In many states, which device can put a newly passed law on hold once enough valid signatures are filed, until voters decide whether to keep it?

What question does a recall election directly decide?

California's Proposition 13 (1978), which capped property taxes, reached the ballot because citizens gathered signatures for a measure they wrote. What device was it?

What can a popular referendum do that a recall cannot?

A group of voters is angry at their U.S. Senator and wants an early election to remove him from office, the way some states let voters recall a governor. Can they do this?

Sponsors file initiative text and collect the required signatures. Before the proposal can appear on the ballot, what usually must happen?

In an indirect initiative state, supporters submit enough valid signatures. What can happen before voters see the proposal?

A popular referendum qualifies for the ballot, and voters reject the challenged law. What happens to that law?

A recall petition gets enough valid signatures against a city council member. What step normally follows where recall elections are allowed?

State constitutions are often amended much more often than the U.S. Constitution. What best explains that difference?

Article V requires two-thirds of Congress to propose most U.S. amendments and three-fourths of states to ratify. What does that show?

A state constitution gives voters initiative and referendum powers, while the U.S. Constitution has no national initiative. What does this illustrate?

A state constitution contains detailed rules on counties, school boards, zoning authority, and taxes. How does that differ from the federal Constitution?

A legislature ignores an ethics bill for years, so citizens qualify the proposal by petition and voters approve it. What argument for initiatives does this show?

A single industry spends millions on paid circulators and qualifies a confusing measure in weeks. What criticism of direct democracy does this illustrate?