A Reconstruction amendment abolished slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for a crime. Which amendment made that change?

During Reconstruction, which amendment made people born or naturalized in the United States citizens of both the nation and their state?

A constitutional rule says voting cannot be denied because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Which amendment created that rule?

Which Reconstruction amendment declared that debts the Confederacy ran up during the war could never be paid?

A state must provide due process before depriving a person of life, liberty, or property. Which Reconstruction amendment requires this?

Southern states later used poll taxes and literacy tests to keep Black men from voting. Which amendment were these rules designed to get around?

Congress passed this amendment in January 1865, before the Civil War ended and while Lincoln was still president. Which amendment was it?

A state court after emancipation gives freedpeople less legal protection than other residents. Which amendment supports a challenge to that unequal treatment?

A former enslaver forces a person to labor without pay after 1865, and no criminal conviction is involved. Which amendment directly forbids that condition?

An election board rejects a man's ballot because he had been enslaved before the Civil War. Which amendment gives Congress a basis to act?

A state claims a child born in the United States is not a citizen because of race. Which Reconstruction amendment contradicts that state action?

A county registers white men but refuses Black men with the same age and residency qualifications. Which amendment targets that voting discrimination?

A state tries to restore slavery by law during Reconstruction. Which amendment gives Congress power to block that law?

A state constitution limits voting to white male citizens after the Civil War. Which amendment invalidates the racial voting qualification?

Congress wanted emancipation to be a constitutional rule, not only a wartime presidential order. Which amendment served that Reconstruction purpose?

One Reconstruction amendment includes a section barring former officials who broke their oath by aiding the Confederacy from holding federal or state office. Which amendment contains this disqualification clause?

A Reconstruction amendment barred former officials who had sworn to support the Constitution and then joined the rebellion from holding office again, unless Congress lifted the ban. Which amendment was it?

One Reconstruction amendment allowed forced labor only as punishment for a crime, an exception some Southern states later used to lease prisoners to planters and companies. Which amendment was it?

Which amendment expanded federal protection by requiring states to honor due process and equal protection after the Civil War?

In Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court ruled that segregated public schools violated a guarantee in one Reconstruction amendment. Which amendment was it?