In 1347, Genoese merchant ships carried plague into Sicily after leaving a besieged trading city in Crimea. Which port was it?

Before the plague reached Black Sea and Mediterranean ports, which long-distance network helped carry it west across Eurasia?

Why did port cities such as Messina, Genoa, and Marseilles become early gateways for the plague in Europe?

Once the plague arrived in Italy, what helped it move into France, Spain, Britain, and Ireland by the end of the 1340s?

Outbreaks reached Germany, Scandinavia, the Baltic region, and Russia after western Europe. What best explains that pattern?

What organism causes plague, the disease behind the Black Death?

Medieval accounts described painful swellings in the groin, armpit, or neck. In modern medical terms, what were these buboes?

What most often transmitted bubonic plague from infected animals to humans?

A medieval physician blamed the outbreak on corrupted or poisoned air. Which explanation was the physician using?

Which form of plague could spread directly from person to person through close-range coughing?

What share of Europeans is commonly estimated to have died in the Black Death?

Which estimate best matches the number of deaths in Europe during the first major wave from 1347 to 1352?

How long did it take Europe's population to recover to roughly its pre-1347 level?

Why do historians avoid giving one perfectly exact death toll for the Black Death?

After so many workers died, what happened to the bargaining power of many surviving peasants and laborers?

What did England's 1351 Statute of Laborers try to do?

Why did many landlords' manor incomes fall after the plague?

Which long-term change in western Europe was encouraged by post-plague labor shortages?

In towns facing labor shortages, how did some guild masters respond when they needed more craft workers?

Empty holdings after the plague affected land and labor. Which outcome became more possible for some surviving peasants?

Some religious groups marched from town to town whipping themselves in public during the plague. What were they called?

In 1348-1349, Jewish communities in parts of Europe were falsely accused of poisoning wells. What often followed?

How did Pope Clement VI respond to claims that Jews had caused the plague by poisoning wells?

Which public-health measure did some Italian and Adriatic cities develop in response to plague threats?

Some wealthy Florentines tried to survive by leaving the city for country houses. What social response does this show?