Twenty years after Hastings, William ordered a survey listing landholders, resources, and values across England. What was the main royal purpose?

After 1066, William began building castles in strategic places. How did this help royal power?

William confiscated much land from English nobles and granted it to supporters. What obligation did this create?

Henry II replaced many locally chosen sheriffs with royal agents. What did those sheriffs do for the Crown?

Henry II sent justices on regular tours to hear cases for the Crown. What larger change did this support?

In medieval England, which royal institution became especially tied to the Crown's revenue and financial business?

In 1215, rebel barons forced King John to accept a charter at Runnymede. Which document was it?

Clause 12 of Magna Carta challenged John's use of scutage and aids. What royal action did it try to limit?

Magna Carta's famous legal protection said a free man could not be imprisoned except by judgment of peers or law of the land. What principle did this support?

Another Magna Carta clause promised that right and justice would not be sold, denied, or delayed. What royal practice was being restricted?

Magna Carta created a council of 25 barons to act if John broke the charter. What made that clause unusual?

What long-term constitutional idea did Magna Carta help establish in England?

Why is Simon de Montfort's 1265 Parliament an important step in English representation?

Edward I's first Parliament in 1275 included nobles, churchmen, knights, and burgesses. What did he mainly want them to approve?

Edward I's 1295 assembly became known as the Model Parliament. What pattern did it help establish?

How did England's Parliament differ from France's Estates-General in later medieval and early modern history?

In 1302, Philip IV summoned representatives of clergy, nobles, and towns. What crisis was he using them to face?

A French Parlement in the Middle Ages was not the same as England's Parliament. What was the Parlement of Paris mainly?

In 1360, after years of war including the capture of King John II, England and France agreed to the Treaty of Brétigny. What did it do?

Early Capetian kings often had their sons crowned during their own lifetimes. What political problem did this practice reduce?

Philip II Augustus used royal courts to confiscate John's French fiefs and then occupied Normandy, Anjou, Maine, and Touraine. What was the result?

Capetian kings appointed baillis and sénéchaux in royal lands. What did these officials do?

In 1284, Philip IV married Joan I of Navarre, heiress to the counties of Champagne and Brie. What did this marriage do for the French crown?

Why did Capetian rulers grant town charters and privileges to urban communities?

Which issue helped start the Hundred Years War in 1337?

At Crécy in 1346, Edward III defeated Philip VI's army. Which English advantage mattered most?

At Poitiers in 1356, the Black Prince repeated England's earlier success. What happened to King John II of France?

Henry V captured Harfleur and then won at Agincourt in 1415. What did the Treaty of Troyes later recognize?

In 1429, Joan of Arc arrived during the siege of Orléans and helped shift French momentum. What did she help make possible soon afterward?

The Battle of Castillon in 1453 was the last major battle of the Hundred Years War. Who won it?