Two organizations both try to affect government. One nominates candidates under its own ballot label; the other presses officials on a narrow policy agenda. What is the second organization?

A group writes a broad platform, nominates candidates, and tries to win offices so it can implement policy. Is it acting as a political party or an interest group?

A nurses' association never places candidates on the ballot, but it urges legislators to expand hospital staffing rules. Is it best classified as a political party or an interest group?

After an election, lawmakers who ran together meet to choose their chamber's leaders and agree on how to vote on bills. What kind of organization links these officials in government?

A lobbyist appears before a House committee to explain why a bill should be amended before it reaches the floor. What tactic is being used?

A group texts its members a script and asks each member to call both senators about a pending bill. What tactic is this?

An organization is not a party in a Supreme Court case, but it files a written legal argument urging one result. What is that document called?

A trade association creates a committee to collect voluntary contributions and donate to federal candidates who share its policy goals. What campaign-finance vehicle is it using?

An interest group buys ads urging viewers to tell Congress to vote no on a bill. What broad lobbying strategy does this show?

Several groups that usually work separately sign one letter to Congress because they all support the same tax provision. What tactic are they using?

A lobbyist gives committee staff exact wording for a proposed amendment before markup. What inside-lobbying tactic is being used?

Federal registrants under the Lobbying Disclosure Act file quarterly lobbying activity reports for each active client with which offices?

A registrant files a quarterly report listing the client, issues, bill numbers, and agencies or congressional houses contacted. What rule is the registrant satisfying?

A former committee staff member leaves Congress and is hired by a firm to lobby her old policy area for paying clients. What is this movement usually called?

A covered former House committee employee must wait one year before seeking official action from certain former colleagues. What is that waiting rule called?

A House subcommittee funds an agency; the agency writes rules favored by an industry group; the group gives policy information and electoral support. What structure is this?

A policy debate includes agencies, lawmakers, scientists, journalists, and several groups on both sides, shifting as the issue changes. What structure fits best?

A union wins a safer-workplace rule that helps all workers, including workers who never paid dues or attended meetings. What problem does this illustrate?

A transportation policy circle has long-term ties among a committee, a safety agency, and a trucking association, while outsiders rarely shape decisions. What is this called?

A new technology issue draws temporary participation from start-ups, consumer advocates, agencies, legislators, and media commentators. What structure is forming?