A science paragraph reads: 'Sediment is loose material carried by water or wind and dropped in a new place. Geologists use the term for any particle moved this way, from boulders to clay.' Which structure organizes it?

A technical paragraph reads: 'Bridges fall into three types. Beam bridges rest on piers. Arch bridges push their load out to abutments. Suspension bridges hang the deck from cables.' Which structure organizes it?

A history paragraph reads: 'Poor harvests in 1788 raised bread prices in Paris. Wages stayed flat, so families spent most of their income on bread. Anger over the shortage filled the spring meetings.' Which structure organizes it?

'Both convection and conduction move thermal energy. Conduction passes it through touching particles, while convection carries it along in a moving fluid.' Which structure organizes these sentences?

A student must explain why the dust storms of the 1930s happened. Which organizing structure fits that purpose?

A field guide must present the three kinds of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Which organizing structure fits that purpose?

A report will explain how a water treatment plant screens, settles, filters, and disinfects water. Which opening previews that report?

A history article will trace the building of the Erie Canal from its funding to its opening. Which opening previews the whole article?

A lab write-up will explain how students measured the time salt needs to dissolve at three water temperatures. Which opening previews the write-up?

Which opening previews what a section will cover instead of only naming its topic?

A manual section will explain how a bicycle's rear derailleur shifts the chain. Which opening previews it?

'The sample was heated for ten minutes. ___, the crystals had shrunk to half their width.' Which transition fits the relationship?

'The river was diverted upstream in 1913. ___, the lakebed downstream dried within a decade.' Which transition fits the relationship?

'Iron rusts when it sits in damp air. ___, gold stays bright after centuries underwater.' Which transition fits the relationship?

'Some desert plants store water in thick tissue. ___, the barrel cactus swells after rain and shrinks through the dry months.' Which transition fits the relationship?

'Steel gains hardness from the carbon in it. ___, chromium added to the mix makes steel resist rust.' Which transition fits the relationship?

A draft reads: 'The alloy melted at a lower temperature than pure copper. For example, it cooled into a smoother surface.' What is wrong with the transition?

A lab report reads: 'The liquid got hot fast.' Which revision uses precise language without changing the meaning?

A history draft reads: 'The king got money from the people.' Which revision uses precise, domain-specific vocabulary?

A science draft reads: 'The bottom part of the plant takes in water from the soil.' Which domain term replaces 'the bottom part'?

A report on erosion reads: 'The water made the rocks smaller over time.' Which revision uses domain vocabulary accurately?

A technical report draft reads: 'The engine shook like crazy when we cranked it way up.' Which revision keeps the meaning in the formal style a report needs?

A procedure reads: 'The technician checked the thing on the panel before starting the test.' Which replacement for 'the thing' is precise?

A paragraph claims that the Erie Canal cut shipping costs sharply. Which detail develops that claim with concrete evidence?

A science paragraph claims that handwashing lowers the spread of colds in classrooms. Which detail develops the claim with relevant evidence?

A source sentence reads: 'The bridge closed for repairs in March and reopened in August.' Which sentence quotes the source correctly?

A paragraph explains how sound travels. (1) Sound moves as vibrations through matter. (2) It moves faster in water than in air. (3) Trumpet players change pitch with valves. (4) Sound cannot cross a vacuum. Which sentence does not belong?

Why the Pony Express ended: (1) Riders carried mail west in about ten days. (2) The telegraph reached California in 1861. (3) Messages then crossed in minutes. (4) Horses need shoeing every few weeks. Which sentence does not belong?

A lab procedure reads: (1) Pour 60 milliliters of vinegar into the cup. (2) Add one spoonful of baking soda. (3) This part is always the most fun. (4) Record the height of the foam. Which sentence should be cut?

A report explained three causes of the dust storms of the 1930s. Which conclusion follows from that report?

An explanation described how a lever trades distance for force. Which conclusion follows from that explanation?

A section explained how a submarine changes depth by flooding and emptying its ballast tanks. Which conclusion follows?

Which write-up describes the procedure precisely enough for another class to repeat it?

Which sentence narrates the historical event with the precision an informative report needs?

A manual explains how a lock on a canal raises a boat. Which step must be described first?

A procedure step reads: 'Heat the mixture for a while.' Which revision makes the step repeatable?

A class recorded the day each seed sprouted in a shaded tray and a sunlit tray. Which opening claim could the class's own data support?

A student claims that the school's recycling program cut cafeteria trash. Which evidence is RELEVANT to that claim?

A report claims that bus ridership at a school rose all year. The writer offers counts from one week in October. Why is that evidence not SUFFICIENT?

A writer argues that a town should repair its old bridge instead of replacing it. Which sentence acknowledges the opposing claim without giving up the argument?