Nita used a sound meter to record the classroom's noise level every hour for two weeks. She reports the readings. Which form of evidence is she offering?

Ben writes: "My uncle switched to a bamboo bike and now he is never late. Bamboo bikes make people punctual." Which form of evidence supports his claim?

A student writes: "A whole is always equal to the sum of its parts." No study or expert is cited. Which form of evidence is this statement offered as?

Dr. Lim, a licensed pediatrician, testifies that measles vaccination protects young children. A report quotes her testimony. Which form of evidence does the report use?

Researchers weighed one canteen's food waste every day for 60 days and published the daily totals. Which form of evidence do those totals provide?

In a debate, Lito says, "One object cannot be in two places at the same time." Which form of evidence is Lito relying on?

A magazine explains why corals bleach by quoting Prof. Santos, a marine biologist. Which form of evidence is the magazine using?

Rosa argues that the new footbridge is safe because she crossed it once and felt no shaking. Which form of evidence is Rosa offering?

A writer supports her point by quoting a seismologist from the state weather bureau on how the fault moved. Which form of evidence does she use?

Mira writes, "No surface can be entirely red and entirely green at the same time." Which form of evidence is this?

A blog supports its claim with one reader's letter describing how a herbal soap cleared her rash. Which form of evidence is that letter?

A class recorded the school garden's temperature at noon for 40 days and computed the average. Which form of evidence is that average?

During an argument Jun says, "Nothing can come from nothing." He cites no reading and no data. Which form of evidence is Jun appealing to?

An article backs its point by quoting Atty. Diaz, a labor lawyer, on what the law requires of employers. Which form of evidence is this?

Ligaya supports the claim that the new bus route is fast by describing her one smooth trip last Monday. Which form of evidence is she offering?

A group collected 30 water samples from the creek and reported the average nitrate level. Which form of evidence is that report?

A speaker supports her point by quoting a registered nutritionist on the iron content of leafy vegetables. Which form of evidence is the quotation?

A team rolled a ball down a ramp 200 times and recorded each distance. Which form of evidence are the recorded distances?

Engr. Cruz, a structural engineer, inspected the school's beams and reports that they meet the load standard. Why is this appeal to authority reasonable?

A toothpaste advertisement quotes a famous basketball player on which brand best fights tooth decay. Why is this appeal to authority weak?

Marco claims only this: "I waited 20 minutes in the canteen line yesterday." His support is his own account of that wait. Is his evidence adequate?

From one classmate's quick recovery, Ella concludes that the new cough syrup works for everyone. Why is her evidence too weak for that claim?

A speaker argues: "Everyone knows that longer school hours make better students." Why is this not genuine self-evidence?

Which statement is genuinely self-evident, needing no observation or data?

Rita says, "I am absolutely certain the river is cleaner now." Mario reports 12 monthly readings showing dissolved oxygen rose from 4 to 6 mg/L. Whose support is empirical?

A principal insists with great confidence that the new schedule cut tardiness. He offers no attendance records. What does his confidence establish?

Which addition would turn a confident assertion about tardiness into empirical evidence?

A parent claims the school gate was locked at 6 a.m. today, and says she was there and saw it. Which judgment fits her evidence?

A news report quotes a volcanologist on whether last night's tremors came from moving magma. Why is quoting her appropriate here?

A physicist is quoted to settle whether nuclear power is morally right for the country. Why is this appeal to authority misplaced?

In one school, students who ate breakfast scored higher on a math test than those who did not. What does this result establish?

A survey of 50 Grade 8 students in one town found that most of them walk to school. What does this finding support?

Rainfall was measured at a single station for three days. What can those readings establish?

A laboratory found that a fertilizer raised tomato yield in a greenhouse trial. What does the trial NOT establish?

Records show that ice cream sales and drowning cases rose together each summer. What do these data establish?

A single reading of the school's water tank showed 900 liters at noon on Monday. What does that reading establish?

Test scores rose after a school added a daily reading hour, but class sizes also shrank that same year. What can the score data establish?

A study measured 5,000 patients and found a small average drop in blood pressure after treatment. What does the result support?

Counting the jeepneys that pass one corner each hour for a week produces recorded observations, so the count can serve as empirical evidence.

A statement becomes self-evident as soon as the speaker says it with great confidence.