Teaching moved online for two weeks. ___ caused problems for students without reliable internet. Which word best fits the gap?

The city introduced a congestion charge on the busiest roads in January. ___ may discourage some commuters from driving into the centre. Which word links the ideas?

The survey had a small sample of local households. ___ may mean the results should be treated with caution. Which word points to the whole sentence?

A decision on housing applications was delayed until June. ___ frustrated residents who had expected an answer. Which word refers to the whole action?

The city stopped cars from entering the centre on Sundays. ___ encouraged more people to walk into town. Which word best fits?

Customer complaints were answered within one day. ___ improved the firm's public image. Which reference word fits the second sentence?

The lecturer started with a short summary of the key points. ___ helped students follow the main argument. Which word refers to the previous sentence?

The test was repeated with the same participants after a month. ___ made the finding more reliable. Which word best refers to the previous action?

The café replaced plastic cups with paper ones, but customers still threw them in the general bin. What does 'them' refer to?

The exam centre sent candidates a new timetable, but many did not read it until the next day. What does 'it' refer to?

A report criticised noisy flats near the railway because they affected children's sleep. What does 'they' refer to?

The office moved paper forms into an online system so staff could process them faster. What does 'them' refer to?

Several candidates missed the deadline because it was printed only on the final page. What does 'it' refer to?

The article mentions part-time workers and full-time staff, but it focuses mainly on pay. What does 'it' refer to?

The government survey asked commuters about buses and trains. Most said they were too expensive. What does 'they' refer to?

The college offered laptops to students who could not afford them. What does 'them' refer to?

Energy bills rose, rents increased and food prices climbed. These ___ have made budgeting harder for students. Which noun fits?

The factory cut water use and recycled more packaging. These ___ helped reduce its environmental impact. Which noun fits the gap?

The sample was small, the questions were leading and the data were collected in one town. These ___ weaken the survey. Which noun fits?

More people worked from home, online shopping grew and buses carried fewer passengers. These ___ changed city centres. Which noun fits?

The course added weekly feedback and extra practice tests. These ___ helped students monitor progress. Which noun fits?

The river flooded twice, drains blocked and several roads closed. These ___ delayed the building project. Which noun fits?

The study found lower stress, better attendance and higher scores. These ___ suggest the new timetable may help. Which noun fits?

'The manager told the assistant that she had missed the meeting.' If the assistant missed it, which rewrite is clearest?

'The researcher emailed the editor after she revised the abstract.' If the editor revised it, which revision removes the ambiguity?

'The tutor advised the student to review her introduction.' If the introduction belongs to the student, choose the clearest rewrite.

'The report compares cycling and driving because it is cheaper.' If cycling is cheaper, which rewrite is clearest?

'The committee rejected the proposal because it was too vague.' If the proposal was vague, which sentence is clearest?

'The lecturer asked the students to summarise their findings.' If the findings belong to the students, choose the best repair.

'The adviser contacted the applicant after they received the documents.' If the adviser received them, which rewrite is clearest?