A paragraph in an essay on school timetables contains this sentence: "Secondary schools ought to keep one afternoon a week for practical projects." What job is that sentence doing?

A paragraph argues that city buses should run through the night. It also contains: "Cleaners and nurses on late shifts have no way of getting home after midnight." What job is that sentence doing?

A paragraph argues that deposit schemes reduce litter. It also contains: "The small town where I grew up pays a few cents for every returned bottle, and its river bank stays clear." What job is that sentence doing?

A paragraph argues that schools should teach budgeting, and notes that most teenagers open an account at sixteen. It then says: "Banks find fewer of their young customers in difficulty a few years later." What job is that sentence doing?

A paragraph in an essay about smartphones contains this sentence: "Phones do more harm than good in a classroom." What job is that sentence doing?

A paragraph argues that city gyms should be free at weekends. It also contains: "The people least able to afford a monthly fee are the ones who sit at a desk all week." What job is that sentence doing?

A paragraph argues that small classes help weaker readers. It also contains: "In my sister's class of twelve, the teacher hears every child read aloud twice a week." What job is that sentence doing?

A paragraph argues that shops should charge for plastic bags, and notes that a shopper will carry a cloth bag once bags cost money. It then says: "Supermarkets now order far less plastic from their suppliers." What job is that sentence doing?

A paragraph in an essay on housing contains this sentence: "Tall apartment blocks are the sensible answer for a crowded city." What job is that sentence doing?

A paragraph argues that newspapers should label opinion pieces clearly. It also contains: "Readers scrolling quickly cannot tell a columnist's view from a reporter's account." What job is that sentence doing?

A paragraph argues that flexible hours keep experienced staff. It also contains: "One accountant at my old office stayed six more years once she could start at eleven." What job is that sentence doing?

A paragraph argues that online banking suits older customers, and notes that a branch visit can take a whole morning. It then says: "Many pensioners keep that morning for seeing friends instead." What job is that sentence doing?

A paragraph in an essay about taxation contains this sentence: "Governments are right to tax sugary drinks more heavily than water." What job is that sentence doing?

A paragraph argues that university tuition should be free. It also contains: "Fees frighten away capable students whose parents cannot cover them." What job is that sentence doing?

A paragraph argues that walking groups keep older people well. It also contains: "Six neighbours on my street meet at seven each morning and walk to the market together." What job is that sentence doing?

A paragraph argues that street trees cool a neighbourhood, and notes that shade stops pavements baking all afternoon. It then says: "Cafes on those streets have put their outdoor tables back." What job is that sentence doing?

A paragraph in an essay about waste contains this sentence: "Repairing an old washing machine is nearly always better than buying a new one." What job is that sentence doing?

A paragraph argues that employers should pay for staff training. It also contains: "A worker who sharpens a skill on the job produces better work for the company that paid." What job is that sentence doing?

A paragraph argues that a protected lane changes who cycles. It also contains: "On the new lane beside our river I counted eleven riders in school uniform before eight." What job is that sentence doing?

A paragraph argues that schools should serve breakfast, and notes that a hungry child cannot follow the first lesson. It then says: "Fewer pupils are sent out of morning classes for bad behaviour." What job is that sentence doing?

An essay paragraph about television news needs a claim. Which sentence states the position the paragraph will defend?

A paragraph claims: "Households would recycle more if collection were simpler." Which sentence best explains why that would happen?

Which of these sentences gives a concrete example rather than a general statement about long hours?

A paragraph claims: "Cooking at home is healthier than eating out." Which sentence does not belong in that paragraph?

A paragraph claims: "Free school buses would reduce morning traffic." Which sentence states a result of that, rather than a reason for it?

A paragraph on saving money needs a claim. Which sentence asserts a position rather than offering evidence?

A paragraph claims: "Children learn more from reading for pleasure than from worksheets." Which sentence would best support that claim?

Which of these sentences is a concrete example rather than a general statement about parks?

A paragraph claims: "Online lessons suit students in remote areas." Which sentence does not belong in that paragraph?

A paragraph claims: "A four-day week would keep staff longer." Which sentence gives a reason for that claim rather than a result of it?

A paragraph about water use needs a claim. Which sentence states the position the rest of it will support?

A paragraph claims: "Sitting all day harms office workers." Which sentence explains why, instead of repeating the idea?

Which of these sentences offers a specific instance rather than a general observation about advertising?

A paragraph claims: "Cash should not disappear completely." Which sentence does not belong in that paragraph?

A paragraph claims: "Streets closed to cars help small shops." Which sentence states what follows from the claim rather than the cause behind it?

A paragraph about air travel needs a claim. Which of these sentences is the claim rather than support for it?

A paragraph claims: "Older people can learn to use new devices." Which sentence supports the claim with a reason?

Which of these sentences gives an example rather than stating a general truth about exams?

A paragraph claims: "Local food is better for the environment." Which sentence does not belong in that paragraph?

A paragraph claims: "Free dental checks for children pay for themselves." Which sentence is a result of the claim rather than a reason behind it?