Compared with Cimabue's Santa Trinita Maestà, Giotto's Ognissanti Maestà has broad light-and-shadow folds and a more solid throne. What shift does this show?

In Giotto’s Ognissanti Maestà, saints and angels overlap around the throne rather than forming one flat row. What effect does this create?

In Cimabue’s Santa Trinita Maestà, gold-lined folds form decorative patterns across Mary’s robe. Compared with Giotto’s broad shadowed folds, what does this earlier treatment emphasize?

In Giotto’s Lamentation, a bare rock slopes toward Christ’s head while foreground mourners turn their backs to the viewer. What do these choices do?

Giotto’s Ognissanti Maestà shows a throne from an angle, but its edges do not all meet at one point. Why should it not be called fifteenth-century linear perspective?

A painted mourning scene gives each figure a distinct gesture, turned face, and response to Christ’s death. Which Proto-Renaissance change does that evidence most strongly show?

A fresco painter works on a small patch of fresh plaster that will soon set. What must the painter do?

Why does pigment applied in buon fresco become especially durable within a wall?

The Arena Chapel walls carry scenes from the lives of the Virgin and Christ in organized bands. What was the advantage of treating the chapel as one visual program?

At the Arena Chapel, some ultramarine blue was applied after the fresco work instead of being mixed into wet plaster. Why?

A large Trecento religious image must be carried, placed on an altar, or used in private devotion instead of painted onto a wall. What support was most common?

The Church regarded charging interest on loans as sinful. Why might Enrico Scrovegni’s commission of the Arena Chapel have served his religious interests?

Who commissioned Giotto to fresco the Arena Chapel in Padua around 1303–1305?

Duccio’s Maestà was installed on Siena Cathedral’s high altar. What was its primary function there?

Simone Martini and Lippo Memmi’s 1333 Annunciation was made for the altar of St. Ansanus in Siena Cathedral. What event does its central scene depict?

Ambrogio Lorenzetti’s Good and Bad Government frescoes covered the Sala dei Nove in Siena’s Palazzo Pubblico. What did they ask the officials meeting there to consider?

In Lorenzetti’s Effects of Good Government, active shops, dancers, secure streets, and cultivated fields appear together. What claim does this cityscape make?

In Giotto’s Lamentation, the mourners’ bodies lean inward and their gestures converge around Christ. How does this organize the narrative?

At the top of the rocky ridge in Giotto’s Lamentation stands a nearly bare tree. How is this tree usually read?

Two large figures in the foreground of Giotto’s Lamentation sit with their backs toward the viewer and partly block the scene. What spatial effect do they create?

The Arena Chapel walls hold dozens of framed scenes from the lives of the Virgin and Christ, arranged in horizontal bands around the room. What kind of visual structure is this?

Beneath the Arena Chapel’s narrative scenes, Giotto painted personifications of virtues and vices. How do these figures extend the chapel’s meaning?

Simone Martini and Lippo Memmi’s Annunciation uses a flat gold ground, slender swaying figures, and elegant gold lettering. Which tradition does this most strongly continue?

How did Duccio’s approach generally differ from Giotto’s around 1300?

In Ambrogio Lorenzetti’s Presentation at the Temple, receding floor lines increase the sense of depth. What is the most accurate conclusion?