A nation cannot obtain enough foreign currency to make payments abroad. Which organization can provide short-term balance-of-payments assistance, often with policy conditions?

A low-income country seeks financing for a long-term project to expand clean-water systems and roads. Which organization is designed to support this kind of development?

Two countries claim that one has violated agreed international trade rules and want a rules-based process to resolve the case. Which organization provides that forum?

A government wants to join a regional body whose members share a parliament and a court and form a single market with free movement of goods, people, and capital. Which body is it considering?

U.S., Mexican, and Canadian officials are applying rules on trade in North American goods, services, and digital trade. Which agreement supplies those rules?

A country asks an institution to review its exchange-rate and macroeconomic policies as part of efforts to promote international monetary stability. Which institution performs this role?

An institution created at the same 1944 Bretton Woods conference as the IMF gives its nearly 190 member governments voting power weighted by their financial contributions, with the United States holding the largest share. Which institution is this?

Which trade agreement requires 75% of a car's value to come from North America for the car to cross U.S., Mexican, and Canadian borders tariff-free?

Before 2020, what was the name of the trade agreement among the United States, Mexico, and Canada that USMCA replaced?

A country wants to join a global organization where members negotiate trade rules and commit to reducing barriers such as tariffs. Which organization is it seeking to join?

A company ships goods from Germany to France under the EU single market. Because both countries belong to the EU, what happens to those goods at the internal border?

The International Development Association gives grants and low-interest loans to the world's poorest countries. Which institution is it part of?

Assume other conditions stay the same. USMCA eliminates a tariff on Canadian lumber sold in the United States. What is the most likely result for U.S. buyers?

A country joins a free-trade area that removes tariffs only on trade among member nations. Compared with before it joined, what is most likely inside the area?

An EU common external tariff is raised on a product imported from a non-EU country. Assuming other conditions stay the same, what happens in EU markets for that imported product?

A WTO member cuts its tariff on imported bicycles under a trade agreement. Assuming other conditions stay the same, what is the likely effect on that country's own bicycle makers?

Mexico and Canada remove tariffs on each other's avocados, but Canada keeps its tariff on avocados from a non-member country. What is the likely effect on Canada's avocado imports?

Critics say a trade agreement may move some factory jobs to lower-wage countries, while supporters emphasize lower prices and wider choices for consumers. What issue are they debating?

In a WTO dispute, one country argues that a rival's state payments to its exporters let them sell below the market-based cost. What issue is at the center of the dispute?

Debaters disagree about a trade agreement's rule that strengthens patent protections for medicines. One side stresses incentives for innovation, and the other worries about medicine prices. What tradeoff is at issue?