A constitution creates a national government and state governments. Both are elected by the people and both can act directly on citizens. What system is described?

A national parliament creates regional councils, gives them duties, and can abolish them by ordinary statute. What system is described?

Several states keep sovereignty, and the central government can act only when the states consent. What system is described?

Under the Articles of Confederation, states were powerful and the national government was weak. Which system best describes that arrangement?

A country lets provinces run schools by devolution, but the national legislature may change or remove that authority. What does this show?

What constitutional provision reserves powers not delegated to the United States and not prohibited to the states?

The Constitution, federal laws, and treaties are called the “supreme Law of the Land.” What clause is being described?

A court judgment entered in Ohio must be recognized when the winner tries to enforce it in Indiana. What clause structures that state-to-state duty?

A state charges nonresidents a much higher fee than residents to work in an ordinary occupation. What Article IV protection is most directly implicated?

A person charged with a felony in one state flees to another, and the first state demands that the person be returned. What clause covers that duty?

Two states form a river commission that increases their joint regulatory power. Under Article I, Section 10, what federal approval may be required?

A federal drug-labeling law requires one warning, while a state law requires a contradictory warning on the same label. What result follows if both cannot be obeyed?

A state legislature declares a valid federal tax law “null and void” inside the state. What constitutional principle defeats that claim?

A federal environmental statute sets a minimum pollution standard and says states may enforce stricter rules. A state adopts a stricter rule. What happens?

A federal aviation statute says no state may set different pilot licensing standards. A state then creates its own stricter license. What doctrine resolves this?

A court holds that Congress lacked constitutional authority to pass a federal statute. A conflicting state law remains. Why is the state law not displaced?

Congress offers highway funds to states that set a drinking age of 21. States may refuse and lose a share of funds. What tool is Congress using?

A federal education grant may be spent only on a reading program and requires detailed testing, reports, and audits. What type of grant is this?

Congress sends cities community-development funds with broad discretion to choose housing, parks, or job-training uses. What type of grant is this?

A federal law orders states to upgrade identification cards but provides little money for the cost. What federalism term best describes this?

Congress orders county sheriffs to run a federal background-check program. What doctrine limits that command?

One state tries ranked-choice voting, another keeps traditional plurality elections, and Congress has not required a national rule. What benefit of federalism is shown?

Public school funding and health services differ sharply across states. What drawback of federalism does this illustrate?

A group fails to persuade Congress, then wins a similar policy in several state legislatures. What feature of federalism made that strategy possible?

States lower taxes and workplace rules to attract businesses from one another, while worker protections weaken. What federalism drawback is this?