The siege of Tenochtitlán ended in 1521 with the fall of the Mexica capital. Which Spanish commander led that campaign?

At Cajamarca, the Inca ruler Atahualpa was captured by a small Spanish force. Which Spaniard commanded that force?

Santiago de Chile was founded in 1541 during Spain's push south from Peru. Which conquistador founded it?

A 1513 Spanish expedition reached and named Florida for Spain. Which explorer led it?

In 1513, a Spaniard crossed the Isthmus of Panama and claimed the Pacific, then called the South Sea, for Spain. Who was he?

A Spanish expedition through the Southeast became the first recorded European group to reach the Mississippi River. Who led it?

A 1540 expedition searched north of Mexico for the Seven Cities and traveled through the present-day U.S. Southwest. Who commanded it?

Before Santiago was founded, the 1535–1537 Spanish expedition from Peru into Chile was led by which conquistador?

The Castilian voyage led by Columbus reached the Caribbean in which year?

Hernán Cortés sailed from Cuba to the coast of Mexico in which year?

Tenochtitlán fell to Spanish and Indigenous-allied forces in which year?

Atahualpa was seized at Cajamarca in which year?

Lima was founded as the City of Kings in which year?

The Spanish Crown created the Viceroyalty of Peru in which year?

A Spaniard received tribute and labor from an Indigenous community and was expected to support Christian instruction. Which institution was this?

Colonial officials assigned Indigenous workers for limited terms, often with wages, instead of granting them permanently. Which system is described?

A town's local council managed municipal affairs in many Spanish American cities. What was that council called?

A high court also advised colonial governors and handled administration. Which colonial body fits this description?

A vast colonial territory, such as New Spain or Peru, was governed in the king's name by his highest representative. What was that political unit called?

An office in Seville licensed voyages, registered cargoes, and supervised trade with the Indies. Which institution was it?

Friars gathered Indigenous communities around a church to teach Catholic doctrine and Spanish ways. Which colonial institution is described?

Spain organized armed convoys to protect ships carrying American silver and goods across the Atlantic. What system was this?

In colonial hierarchy, people born in Spain who lived in the Americas usually held the highest offices. What were they called?

People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas often had wealth but fewer top offices than Spain-born elites. Which term names them?

Colonial society used this term for people of Spanish and Indigenous ancestry. Which term is correct?

A colonial term for people of Spanish and African ancestry was which one?

In many colonial caste labels, people of African and Indigenous ancestry were called what?

Eighteenth-century paintings in New Spain often displayed ranked labels for mixed ancestry. What was that system called?

The formation of a population with Spanish, Indigenous, and sometimes African ancestry shaped colonial Latin America. Which term names that process?

Catholic practices blended with Indigenous beliefs in many colonial communities. Which cultural term describes that religious blending?