Two surveys of the same district give unemployment rates of 5.1% and 8.7%, so the report first explains the ___.

A university ranked applicants mainly by published research, treating publication record as the key ___.

The policy offers firms a tax reduction if they cut emissions; the reduction is intended as an ___.

Most reviewers accepted the central claim after several independent analyses reached the same conclusion; the article notes a growing ___.

The model assumes that fuel prices will remain stable next year, although it gives no evidence for this starting point. That starting point is an ___.

A report cites an earlier court decision to justify treating a new case in the same way. The earlier decision is a ___.

The authors warn that interviews were conducted in only one city, so the findings may not apply nationally. This warning identifies a ___.

The council chose slower construction to reduce noise disruption; accepting one benefit at the cost of another is a ___.

From falling sales and rising complaints, the analyst concluded that customer confidence had weakened. That conclusion is an ___.

A paper argues that small classes improve feedback, but a reviewer says the evidence ignores teacher training. The reviewer's point is an ___.

The study notes that symptoms became severe only after pollution exceeded 40 micrograms per cubic metre. That level is the ___.

Across ten years, younger voters generally supported urban transport more than older voters, though not in every region. The pattern is a ___.

The committee explains that the new timetable reduces crowding and allows repairs overnight; this explanation is the policy's ___.

If remote work cuts commuting, a possible result is lower demand for city-centre cafés; the article calls this an ___.

In the argument 'All samples were stored below 5 °C; therefore, heat cannot explain the decay,' the storage claim functions as a ___.

The grant may improve access, but only if rural clinics can recruit staff; the condition attached to the claim is a ___.

'Admittedly, the survey excludes part-time workers, but its sample covers every major sector.' The first clause is a ___.

'Because the trial lacked a control group, its causal claims should be treated cautiously.' What has the writer identified?

'The success of a similar scheme in 2016 suggests that the proposed scheme is feasible.' The earlier scheme is being used as a ___.

'Although higher wages may raise costs, they can also reduce staff turnover.' The opening clause is best labelled a ___.

'This conclusion rests on the view that respondents understood the technical term in the same way.' What is the writer naming?

'The main reason for merging the services is to remove duplicated administrative work.' The sentence gives a ___.

'If this interpretation is correct, informal carers will need more legal protection.' The second clause states an ___.

'One difficulty with the proposal is that it relies on volunteers being available at short notice.' The sentence raises an ___.

'The programme counts as successful only if attendance remains above 80% for six months.' The 80% figure is a ___.

'The data show a steady movement towards smaller households, even though the pace differs by region.' The writer is describing a ___.

'Since the containers were sealed, contamination during transport is unlikely.' The first clause serves as a ___.

'This claim is persuasive, with the caveat that the sample contains few older participants.' What has the writer added?

'Eligibility will be judged by income, household size and distance from public transport.' These are the scheme's ___.

'The figures for imports and exports do not match the totals in the appendix.' The writer points to a ___.

Cities with more public parks also report lower summer heat stress, but the data do not show that parks caused the difference. The finding is a ___.

A study finds that students who attend revision classes score higher, but motivation may explain both attendance and scores. The safest label is ___.

After a factory closes, local rents fall; a report says the closure probably reduced demand for housing. This is an ___.

Areas with high internet use also have more online banking, but neither variable is known to produce the other. The relation is a ___.

A pilot scheme saves money but increases waiting time, so the final report weighs efficiency against access. What relation is being evaluated?

A temperature rise above 2 °C is linked with sharply lower crop yields; below that point, yields change little. The 2 °C point is a ___.

A report finds that longer commutes are associated with lower job satisfaction, but it avoids saying commutes are the cause. It reports a ___.

The survey shows a gradual rise in home working over five years, although some sectors move in the opposite direction. This relation is a ___.

Researchers compare two datasets and find that one records twice as many cycling injuries as the other for the same year. This relation is a ___.

A study finds that children in quieter classrooms read faster, then argues noise reduction may support literacy. The argument's final claim is an ___.