Before the creek flooded, crews stacked sandbags. At 2 p.m., water covered River Road. By sunset, the bridge closed. The next morning, families returned to check homes. How is the passage organized?

Warm air holds more water vapor than cool air. When warm air rises and cools, droplets form in clouds. Because many droplets join, they grow heavy; as a result, rain falls. How is the passage organized?

A library card and a student ID both help students borrow materials. Unlike a library card, a student ID may also unlock school computers. Whereas library cards never expire, student IDs must be replaced each year. How is this organized?

The pond trail had muddy sections that kept visitors away. One way to fix the problem was adding gravel. Volunteers also built a raised walkway, so hikers could cross safely. How is the passage organized?

A wildfire can begin with lightning or a spark. In spring, fires creep through damp grass; in late summer, they race through dry brush. Forest fires are quieter than grass fires but burn longer. How is this organized?

The armadillo has a pointed snout, small eyes, and a shell of bony plates. Its strong claws dig burrows, and its long tongue catches insects underground. How is the passage organized?

Read: “In 2018 the garden opened. The next year, students added a rain barrel. By 2022, the club sold vegetables at a market.” Which words reveal the structure?

Read: “The roof leaked because the old shingles cracked. As a result, water stained the ceiling, and workers replaced the roof before the next storm.” Which words reveal the structure?

Read: “Unlike cotton bags, plastic bags resist rain. Whereas cotton bags can be washed many times, plastic bags are often used once.” Which words reveal the structure?

Read: “Visitors kept missing the museum entrance. One way to fix this was to add larger signs. The museum also painted arrows on the sidewalk.” Which words reveal the structure?

Read: “A desert tortoise has several helpful features. For example, its front legs are thick for digging. It also has a high shell that protects it.” Which words reveal the structure?

Read: “The storm surge reached Main Street at dawn. By noon, pumps cleared the library steps. On Tuesday, crews reopened two blocks.” Which words reveal the structure?

A reader wants to learn what the term “evaporation” means by checking a list at the back of a science book. Which text feature should the reader use?

A student needs to know what the photograph on page 12 shows and why it matters to the article. Which feature should the student read?

Before reading a long chapter about ocean zones, a reader wants to locate the section called “The Twilight Zone.” Which feature is most useful?

The main article explains how space stations work. A reader also wants a few extra facts about how astronauts sleep, printed apart from the main text. Which feature should the reader look for?

A student opens a textbook and wants to know which page begins each chapter about ancient civilizations. Which feature should the student check?

An article explains how bees share food. Beside it, a caption under a close-up photo says, “A worker bee passes nectar to another bee.” What does the caption add?

A passage describes a city park's history. This sidebar runs beside it. What does the sidebar add?

A chapter describes famous caves. This heading and list appear partway through it. What does the heading add?