Teachers and their district negotiate salaries, class size, and grievance rules for six weeks, then sign a three-year contract. What process produced the contract?

During contract talks, the union proposes a $2 hourly raise and the employer responds with a $1 raise. What is the employer's response called?

Union and company negotiators agree on contract language, but the agreement will not take effect until members vote on it. What is the unsigned deal called?

After negotiators reach a tentative agreement, union members vote to approve it. What step are the members completing?

A worker says her supervisor violated the contract's seniority rule and uses the contract's stated complaint steps. What process is she using?

After many bargaining sessions, neither side will change its final wage proposal and no agreement is reached. What is this bargaining status called?

After contract talks fail, union members stop working to pressure the employer to improve its offer. This union tactic is a:

During stalled negotiations, a company closes its plant gates and refuses to let represented employees work. This employer tactic is a:

Employees continue working their normal shifts but walk outside the workplace with signs before and after work to publicize their dispute. What union tactic is this?

A union asks customers not to buy products from a retailer until the retailer settles a labor dispute. What tactic is the union organizing?

Workers remain on the job but deliberately complete fewer units per hour to pressure management during negotiations. What tactic are the workers using?

While striking employees are absent, a company hires temporary workers to perform their jobs. What employer response is being used?

Talks stall, so a neutral outsider helps each side communicate and suggest compromises but cannot impose a settlement. What is this process?

A union contract says that, if talks fail, a neutral third party will decide the dispute and both sides must accept the ruling. What is the next step?

Workers at a factory walk off the job during a contract dispute without approval from their union's leaders. What is this action called?

A looming dockworkers' strike threatens the national economy, so the president orders an 80-day pause on the strike so bargaining can continue. What federal law authorizes this cooling-off period?

A contract sends a deadlocked dispute to a neutral decision-maker, but either side may reject that decision. What process is described?

A union represents only electricians, who share the same specialized trade, even when they work for different employers. What type of union is this?

One union represents welders, machine operators, and maintenance workers at a steel plant. What type of union is this?

At a plant, workers may be hired without union membership but must join the union within 30 days to keep their jobs. What arrangement is this?

A workplace hires both union and nonunion workers, and no employee is required to join the union as a condition of employment. What arrangement is this?

A state law says a worker cannot be required to join a union or pay union fees to get or keep a job. What kind of law is this?

A hospital's union contract raises the hourly wage for nurses from $25 to $28, with the hospital's demand for care otherwise unchanged. What does the labor-demand model predict?

A factory agrees to a higher hourly wage, while the demand for its products and worker productivity stay unchanged. On its labor-demand curve, what change occurs?

A retailer negotiated a wage above the previous market wage and has no change in sales, technology, or productivity. What is the most likely effect on its hiring?