Article VII says ratification by conventions of how many states was enough for the Constitution to take effect among those states?

New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify on June 21, 1788. Under Article VII, what did that milestone do?

Which state ratified the Constitution first, on December 7, 1787?

Congress sent the proposed Constitution to state legislatures, but Article VII required approval by a special body in each state. What body actually ratified?

The Federalist Papers were 85 essays defending ratification under the pen name Publius. Which trio wrote them?

A Virginia orator led the Anti-Federalist faction at the 1788 Virginia ratifying convention. Who was he?

Which Virginia Declaration of Rights author refused to sign the Constitution in 1787 because it lacked a bill of rights?

Observations on the New Constitution appeared in 1788 under the pseudonym A Columbian Patriot and opposed ratification. Which writer is it now attributed to?

An essay argues that a large republic can control factions because many interests make majority tyranny less likely. Which side is arguing?

A pamphlet warns that one great republic over the whole United States would put distant officials beyond the people's control. Which side is arguing?

A writer says a bill of rights is unnecessary because the national government has only powers granted by the Constitution. Which side is arguing?

A pamphlet insists rulers tend to expand power, so explicit barriers like a bill of rights are needed before trusting the new Constitution. Which side is arguing?

A newspaper essay answers critics by saying rejection could bring anarchy and civil strife, and a stronger union is needed after the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. Which side is arguing?

A writer says federal courts, independent of states, will eventually swallow up state courts. Which side is arguing?

An essay says separation of powers works because ambition can be made to counteract ambition. Which side is arguing?

Massachusetts ratified in 1788 while recommending amendments for the first Congress to consider. What did that bargain help produce?

On June 8, 1789, who introduced a list of constitutional amendments in the First Congress to answer ratification-era objections?

Several conventions voted to ratify but asked the first Congress to consider rights amendments. What strategy did they use?

Congress proposed 12 amendments in 1789. How many were ratified by 1791 as the Bill of Rights?

North Carolina had not ratified when Congress sent amendments to the states in 1789, then ratified after a bill of rights was proposed. What did that show?