For the past month, Lena has lost interest in activities, sleeps most of the day, cannot concentrate, feels worthless, and has little appetite. No manic episodes are reported. What diagnosis fits best?

For two and a half years, Marcus has felt depressed more days than not, with low energy, poor appetite, and low self-esteem, but he has never had a manic episode. What diagnosis fits best?

For one week, Priya slept two hours a night, spoke rapidly, felt unstoppable, spent thousands of dollars, and was hospitalized. What diagnosis category does this episode point toward?

Sam has had depressed mood most days for three years, with hopelessness and poor concentration, and has not been symptom-free for more than two months. What diagnosis fits best?

After six weeks of depressed mood, insomnia, fatigue, poor concentration, and thoughts of death, Jordan has no history of mania or hypomania. What diagnosis fits best?

A woman has a two-week major depressive episode, then later has five days of unusually high energy, decreased need for sleep, fast speech, and no major impairment. What diagnosis category fits?

Nia, 15, has felt irritable or down most days for over a year, with poor sleep and low energy, but she has never had a manic episode. What diagnosis fits best?

Ethan has had major depressive episodes and separate one-week periods of little sleep, racing ideas, risky spending, and marked impairment. What diagnosis category fits best?

A major depressive episode requires symptoms to be present for at least

In DSM-style criteria, what symptom threshold is required for a major depressive episode?

For adults, persistent depressive disorder requires depressed mood more days than not for at least

The DSM distinction for bipolar I disorder centers on the presence of

A hypomanic episode differs from a manic episode because hypomania must last at least four days and

For one week, a student needs almost no sleep, talks nonstop, believes he has special powers, and loses his job after reckless choices. This episode is best labeled

For five days, a woman sleeps less, talks more, feels unusually confident, and friends notice a clear change, but she keeps functioning at work. This episode is best labeled

After winning a tournament, Carlos feels excited for an afternoon, celebrates with friends, and sleeps normally that night. This is best labeled

For three days, Maya is cheerful after vacation, finishes homework quickly, makes no risky choices, and keeps a normal sleep schedule. This is best labeled

After failing an exam, Alina replays the failure for hours and keeps asking why she always messes up. Which cognitive factor in depression is shown?

After repeated uncontrollable losses, Devin stops trying because he expects nothing he does will matter. Which account of depression is shown?

A teen describes himself as worthless, the world as unfair, and the future as hopeless. Which cognitive pattern is shown?

A student with several depressed relatives develops depression after a painful breakup. The explanation emphasizes an inherited vulnerability triggered by a difficult life event. What model is this?

A teen's depressive symptoms worsen after moving away and losing the close friends she talked to every day. Which explanatory factor is being emphasized?

What course pattern is commonly reported for major depressive disorder?

In epidemiological studies after puberty, major depressive disorder is generally diagnosed

What risk finding is associated with bipolar disorder in clinical research?