Old Major sets out the theory of Animalism in the barn and dies peacefully three nights later; the Rebellion he describes happens without him. Read as allegory, whom does old Major stand for?

Mr. Jones lets the farm run down, drinks at the Red Lion and forgets to feed the animals; they drive him out, and he later gives up hope of getting his farm back. Whom does Jones stand for?

Snowball draws the windmill plans and argues for them at the Meetings; Napoleon whimpers, nine dogs come bounding into the barn, and Snowball is chased off the farm for good. Which rivalry is this?

Napoleon takes nine puppies from their mothers and rears them in secret in a loft. Years later they stand round him while animals confess to plotting with Snowball, then tear the confessors' throats out. What do the dogs stand for?

The animals work Sundays, go short of food and rebuild the windmill twice, on Snowball's promise of electric light and hot and cold water in every stall. Which Soviet program does the windmill stand for?

Boxer answers every doubt with "I will work harder" and "Napoleon is always right," and when he collapses the pigs sell him to the knacker and buy a case of whisky with the money. Whom does Boxer stand for?

Napoleon sells Frederick the timber, the banknotes prove to be forgeries, and Frederick's men then march in and blow the windmill to pieces. Which sequence in history does this follow?

Clover, who can read only individual letters, asks Muriel to read the Fourth Commandment. It now says, "No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets." Why do the added words matter?

After the pigs find a case of whisky, Muriel reads the Fifth Commandment and it runs, "No animal shall drink alcohol to excess." The animals had remembered it as "No animal shall drink alcohol." What has happened?

After the confessions and the throat-tearings, Clover has Muriel read the Sixth Commandment. It runs, "No animal shall kill any other animal without cause." What is the effect of the last two words?

By the last chapter the barn wall carries one line: "ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS." What has become of the original Seventh Commandment?

The sheep have bleated "Four legs good, two legs bad" for years. On the day the pigs walk upright they bleat "Four legs good, two legs better!" instead. Why change one word rather than drop the chant?

The animals hear a crash at night and find a broken ladder by the barn wall, Squealer stunned beside it, and a lantern, a paint-brush and an overturned pot of white paint. Only Benjamin seems to understand. What has Squealer been doing?

Squealer ends his defense of the pigs' milk and apples with, "Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones would come back!" What technique is this?

Squealer says the pigs take the milk and apples only for their health: "Milk and apples (this has been proved by Science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig." What technique is this?

When rations are cut, Orwell notes that Squealer always spoke of it as a "readjustment," never as a "reduction." What technique is this?

Squealer reads out lists of figures showing food production up by two hundred, three hundred or five hundred per cent, and the animals believe him because they can no longer remember what things were like before the Rebellion. What technique is this?

Squealer tells the animals that "Snowball was in league with Jones from the very start" and had been Jones's secret agent all along, and that documents left behind prove it. What technique is this?

Squealer says the pigs actually dislike milk and apples: "We pigs are brainworkers... Day and night we are watching over your welfare. It is for your sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples." What technique is this?

Moses the raven does no work and talks of Sugarcandy Mountain, a country beyond the clouds where all animals go when they die. The pigs call his stories lies but let him stay, on a gill of beer a day. What is Orwell satirizing?

Boxer is driven off in a van reading "Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler," Squealer later says he died in the hospital praising Napoleon, and the pigs soon buy another case of whisky. What is Orwell's point?

At the card game, a quarrel erupts between Napoleon and Mr. Pilkington. Watching through the window, the animals look from pig to man and back, and can no longer tell which is which. What does that show about the pigs and the human farmers?

Three of these are true of the fable's allegory. Which is NOT?

Three of these are true of Orwell's satire in the novel. Which is NOT?

Three of these are true of how Animal Farm works as allegory. Which is NOT?