Which opening stakes a defensible claim rather than a topic?

Which thesis is most defensible for an argument about public libraries?

A writer needs a claim about city tree planting. Which version is arguable?

Which sentence is a report rather than a defensible claim?

A draft thesis says, "Homework is bad." Which revision makes the thesis more defensible?

Which opening would AP readers least likely accept as an argument claim?

A draft thesis says, "Technology affects students." What is the best critique?

A writer claims the compost program reduced cafeteria waste. Which evidence most directly supports the claim?

Claim: remote tutoring improved algebra pass rates at Lincoln High. Which evidence is relevant but not sufficient by itself?

Claim: the new bus route serves workers better. Which evidence would be weakest?

Which evidence would best test the claim that phone-free lunch increased cafeteria conversation?

A paragraph claims a ban on disposable trays saves money. Which evidence is insufficient?

Which source card best supports a claim that teen driver laws reduced crashes?

Claim: adding benches will make the plaza safer at night. Which evidence leaves the biggest gap?

An essay argues school gardens improve science learning. Paragraphs discuss garden popularity, soil experiment scores, and teacher lab constraints. Which paragraph breaks the line of reasoning?

Where should a paragraph defining "food desert" go in an argument that a grocery shuttle addresses one?

Which transition best preserves a line of reasoning from problem to remedy?

An argument says the city should preserve the theater. How should the sentence "The theater opened in 1928" be used?

Which sentence would break a paragraph arguing that a river cleanup raised property values?

An essay moves claim, counterargument, rebuttal, new evidence, then a conclusion that only repeats the claim. What is the main weakness?

Which sentence is commentary rather than summary?

Evidence: "Bus usage fell 12% after fares rose." Which commentary best links it to a claim that fees exclude low-income riders?

Which sentence merely summarizes a source rather than analyzing it?

A paragraph quotes a mayor promising "transparency." Which follow-up is commentary?

Which revision turns summary into argument commentary?

Which sentence would AP readers mark as evidence, not commentary?

"Critics are right that body cameras cannot prevent every abuse; still, footage can make disputed encounters reviewable." The first clause is a

Which sentence refutes rather than merely rebuts?

Which sentence is a rebuttal?

"Some residents fear density will erase neighborhood character, but design rules can preserve street-level patterns." What does the second clause do?

Which version concedes without surrendering the claim?

Which sentence mishandles the counterargument?

Which claim is qualified but still defensible?

Which revision avoids overclaiming?

Which thesis is gutted by excessive qualification?

Claim: "Online public comments improve participation." Which added phrase narrows the claim logically?

"The park closes at dusk, so officers should ask the group to leave." What warrant is unstated?

In "Because the audit found duplicate payments, the agency should review its billing controls," the audit finding is the

Warrant: expert inspections identify unsafe balconies. Which sentence supplies backing?

"The city should not expand the lot; parking counts show 40% of spaces sit empty on weekdays." What is the claim?

What qualifier appears in "The policy will likely lower water use in drought-prone neighborhoods"?

"The editor's argument for safer crossings is worthless; he was fined for speeding in college." Name the fallacy.

"My opponent wants to inspect rental units, so she wants inspectors in every bedroom every night." Name the fallacy.

"We should keep the tax break because the mayor's speech was boring." Name the fallacy.

"Everyone on my feed says the curfew is necessary, so the council should pass it." Name the fallacy.

"A celebrity chef supports the zoning plan, so the traffic design must be sound." Name the fallacy.

"Since the mural went up, two shops opened; therefore the mural caused the revival." What makes the reasoning fallacious?

"Either the school builds a garage or students will have no way to arrive." What makes the reasoning fallacious?

"One bus arrived late Monday, so the transit agency is incompetent." What makes the reasoning fallacious?

"The curfew is necessary because without it we would lack a necessary curfew." Name the flaw.