An editorial argues, “Approve the riverwalk tonight, or admit the town has given up on downtown. Anyone who cares about local business must vote yes.” The reasoning mainly commits:

A column says, “Do not trust the meal-plan petition; its lead signer is a sophomore who once complained about cafeteria music. Her proposal cannot be serious.” The fallacy is:

The library asks patrons to silence phones. A letter replies, “The board wants a building where no one may speak, laugh, or meet friends.” What fallacy drives the reply?

A business owner argues, “If the city allows one weekend food-truck permit, restaurants will close, jobs will vanish, and Main Street will become a row of empty windows.” The reasoning is:

An ad claims, “A movie star says this vitamin mix improves memory, so schools should serve it before exams.” The reasoning relies on:

A columnist writes, “Three cyclists ran red lights on my commute; clearly cyclists in this city have no respect for traffic laws.” The fallacy is:

A blog argues, “After the school changed its mascot, donations rose; the mascot change caused alumni generosity.” The reasoning most clearly commits:

A principal says, “The attendance policy is reasonable because it is the fairest possible rule, and we know it is fair because it is reasonable.” The reasoning is:

A senator argues a treaty should be delayed because two allies privately raised concerns. No details are given. How should an AP reader judge the reasoning?

A magazine says a website redesign should be reversed because 68% of 400 surveyed subscribers disliked it, but it gives no sampling method. The support is best described as:

A speaker argues, “One security camera was misused at a store, so cameras in all public libraries will inevitably become tools of constant surveillance.” Best judgment?

A museum cites its head conservator, who explains that higher humidity will damage paper archives. Calling this an “appeal to authority” would be:

A review says, “The new tutoring plan has not solved every homework problem, so it has failed completely.” The reasoning is best described as:

A parent says, “One online class was chaotic during a storm, so virtual instruction can never work for any student.” What is the best evaluation?

(1) A voluntary tutoring pilot raised scores in six magnet schools. (2) All had extra laptops. (3) Therefore the district should require online tutoring in every school. Where does the reasoning break?

(1) A contractor critic missed two hearings. (2) She now questions bridge costs. (3) Therefore her cost evidence should be ignored. Where does the argument first break?

(1) The café changed its logo in May. (2) Sales rose in June. (3) Therefore the logo caused the increase. Where does the reasoning fail?

(1) Either the city builds the arena, or it abandons teenagers. (2) Leaders should support teenagers. (3) So they must build the arena. Where does the reasoning break?

(1) The school promises an “open campus” for ideas. (2) Therefore its gates should remain unlocked after dark. (3) Locking them violates openness. Where does the reasoning turn?

A columnist claims compost bins caused cafeteria waste to drop, citing only that bins arrived in September and waste fell in October. What repair would the argument need?

An ad argues a novelist's praise proves a home air purifier prevents asthma attacks. What support would repair the reasoning?

An editorial attacks a proposal for revised grading rubrics by saying, “The reformers want no grades at all.” What repair is needed?

A critic calls this an ad hominem: “The study was funded by the bottling company whose product it tested.” What is the better analysis?

A student labels this a straw man: “Crime reports fell after the cameras went up, so the cameras probably helped.” What correction is best?

A blogger calls this a false dilemma: “Submit by Friday or miss this grant cycle; the grant office lists Friday as the deadline.” What correction is best?