Ranger log: 'The pond froze on January 8. Ice cores suggest the freeze started at the shallow end. Skaters may have hoped for a long cold spell. Rangers measured the ice at 12 centimeters.' Which sentence is speculation?

Notes: 'Volunteers counted 412 bats leaving the barn. The counts suggest the colony grew since spring. The bats may have moved in to escape highway noise. Old droppings indicate the loft was used before.' Which sentence states a verifiable fact?

Test report: 'The panel produced 18 watts at noon. The readings suggest dust cut its output in half. The owners may have wished for a rainy week in June. Crews washed the panel on Wednesday.' Which sentence is a reasoned judgment?

Inspection log: 'Sensors recorded 900 truck crossings in June. The strain data suggest the north joint loosened first. Drivers may have felt the deck shudder. The bridge opened in 1974.' Which sentence is speculation?

Field report: 'Students recorded 63 crabs in the pool. The counts suggest warmer water pushed them deeper. The crabs may have preferred the shaded ledge. Empty shells indicate the pool changed last summer.' Which sentence states a verifiable fact?

Notes: 'Crews collected 40 samples from the ridge. The ash layers suggest the fire moved uphill fast. Hikers may have smelled smoke from the next valley. The ridge rises 90 meters above the creek.' Which sentence is a reasoned judgment from the samples?

Lab notes: 'The battery ran the fan for six hours. The test data suggest the cold shortened its life. The designers may have hoped for a longer run. Each test began at 20 degrees Celsius.' Which sentence is speculation?

Drilling report: 'The core measured 110 centimeters long. The layers suggest the glacier thinned before 1950. The team may have wished for calmer weather on the ice. Drilling took three days in March.' Which sentence is a reasoned judgment?

Shop log: 'The arm lifted the crate in four seconds. The logs suggest the delay came from the gripper. Workers may have expected a faster machine. The motor readings point to a worn belt.' Which sentence states a verifiable fact?

Water report: 'Testers collected samples at six sites. The results suggest road runoff reached the creek. Neighbors may have worried about their wells. Rain fell for two days before testing.' Which sentence is speculation?

Notes: 'The keeper lost 9 of the 24 hives during last winter. The mite counts suggest the losses began early. The bees may have preferred the older boxes. Each hive weighed about 35 kilograms in October.' Which sentence is a reasoned judgment?

Site notes: 'The trackway holds 118 footprints. The spacing suggests the animal was running. The herd may have been fleeing a storm. The prints sit in gray mudstone.' Which sentence is speculation?

Lighting test: 'The bulb drew 9 watts during the test. The results suggest older bulbs waste more heat. Shoppers may have chosen them for the color. The dimming pattern points to a failing driver.' Which sentence states a verifiable fact?

Log: 'The printer used three spools of filament. The failed prints suggest the nozzle ran too cool. Students may have hoped for a smoother finish on the lids. Each print took about five hours.' Which sentence is a reasoned judgment from the prints?

Wildlife survey: 'Surveyors logged 14 bird strikes at the site. The timing suggests most strikes happened at night. The birds may have been following the ridge line. The towers stand 80 meters tall.' Which sentence is speculation?

Survey: 'Divers measured the reef at 30 meters across. The shell counts suggest the reef is spreading north. The oysters may have found the water calmer near shore. The survey ran two weeks in July.' Which sentence is a reasoned judgment?

Flight report: 'The drone flew 35 kilometers over the canyon. The photos suggest the trail washed out in spring. Rangers may have expected worse damage. The debris pattern points to a single flood.' Which sentence states a verifiable fact?

Greenhouse log: 'The plants grew 35 centimeters in four weeks. The growth data suggest the warmer bench helped the most. The gardeners may have preferred the taller variety. Each bench held 20 pots.' Which sentence is speculation?

Notes: 'Divers counted 300 sea stars at the pier. The lab results suggest a virus caused the die-off. The divers may have missed some hidden in the kelp beds. The survey covered 150 meters of shore.' Which sentence is a reasoned judgment?

Class data: 'The seedlings under the lamp reached 15 centimeters. The measurements suggest light mattered more than water. The class may have watered one tray twice. The leaf color points to low nitrogen.' Which sentence states a verifiable fact?

Storm report: 'The gauge recorded 75 millimeters of rain in an hour. The debris line suggests the drain clogged first. Residents may have feared still more flooding. Crews cleared the grate on Monday.' Which sentence is speculation?

Museum note: 'The fragment weighed 1 kilogram. The metal content suggests it came from an asteroid core. The finder may have thought it was only an ordinary gray rock. It landed in a plowed field.' Which sentence is a reasoned judgment?

A technical report states: 'The sample's temperature rose four degrees Celsius in ten minutes.' How should a reader classify that sentence?

A technical report states: 'The data suggest the pipe cracked before the freeze, not during it.' How should a reader classify that sentence?

A technical report states: 'The engineers may have hoped the design would win an award.' How should a reader classify that sentence?

A lab manual states: 'Pour 250 milliliters of the solution into the beaker and stir for one minute.' How should a reader classify that sentence?

A technical article states: 'Corrosion is the gradual wearing away of metal by chemical reaction.' How should a reader classify that sentence?

A repair report states: 'Readings from all six sensors indicate the leak began near the west valve.' How should a reader classify that sentence?

A research summary states: 'The crew logged 212 whale sightings between June and August.' How should a reader classify that sentence?

A mission report states: 'Perhaps a future crew will find the missing panel someday.' How should a reader classify that sentence?

A crew recorded this measurement: rainfall totaled 300 millimeters in June. Which sentence turns that measurement into a reasoned judgment based on the findings?

An engineer measured a 5-centimeter sag at the center of a beam. Which sentence is speculation rather than a judgment drawn from that measurement?

A lab note reads, 'The tank may have leaked overnight.' Which revision makes it a reasoned judgment based on the findings?

A weather team's report contains the four sentences below. Which one could a reader check against the instrument log?

Report: 'We ran 30 trials with the new coating. The coated blades lasted 18 percent longer than the uncoated blades. The uncoated blades failed at hour 40.' What is the author's main purpose?

Manual: 'Rinse the probe in distilled water. Set the meter to pH. Lower the probe 5 centimeters into the sample. Wait ten seconds, then record the reading.' What is the author's main purpose?

Article: 'A heat pump moves warmth instead of making it. A fluid absorbs heat outdoors, and a compressor raises its temperature. Indoor coils then release that heat into the room.' What is the author's main purpose?

Test log: 'The helmet fell 2 meters onto the steel plate. The dents suggest the foam failed at the rim. Riders may have trusted the strap more. The readings indicate the shell spread the force.' Which sentence states a verifiable fact?

A report states, 'The core samples suggest the lake dried up before the fire.' By its wording, that sentence is a reasoned judgment based on research findings, not a direct measurement.

A log records, 'The tank held 110 liters at noon.' That sentence is speculation.