A review class flyer: "We helped 34 of our 40 students pass last year, up from 21 the year before. As a former examiner, I am proud of them." Which appeal is dominant?

A clinic head says: "I have run this clinic for eighteen years and seen every flu season here. It hurts to watch families wait. Trust my judgment on the new schedule." Which appeal is dominant?

A tenants' letter: "Imagine your lola climbing four flights with her groceries because the lift is broken again, stopping to catch her breath at every landing while no one comes to help." Which appeal is dominant?

A bike lane poster: "Last year 46 riders were hurt on this road. Painted lanes cut such injuries by about half in three nearby towns. Our council chair rides too." Which appeal is dominant?

A student council speech: "The canteen queue takes 22 minutes at noon. Two more counters cut it to about 8 during fiesta week. I stood in it myself. Cold rice helps no one." Which appeal is dominant?

A radio guest says: "I trained this province's rescue teams for twelve years and wrote the drill manual they still use. Panic kills. Follow the drill I describe." Which appeal is dominant?

A ferry safety flyer: "Picture the empty chair at your table, and the silence where your child's voice used to be, if the boat sails overloaded again." Which appeal is dominant?

An office memo: "Of 300 laptops issued, 41 failed within a year, and all 41 came from one batch. Replacing that batch removes most failures. I have run this office since 2019." Which appeal is dominant?

A barangay letter: "Our street floods whenever a night's rain passes 90 millimeters. That happened five times last year, and the street flooded all five times." Which appeal is dominant?

A school paper editorial: "Friday club attendance rose from 60 to 96 after the late bus began. Cut the bus and it falls back. Our staff have covered clubs all year." Which appeal is dominant?

A group writes: "Nine of the twelve classrooms we measured were above 34 degrees Celsius at noon. That is why we ask for fans." What do the measurements do in this argument?

A speaker says: "Two towns near us tried the same curfew. Both saw the same rise in complaints." What do the paired examples let the speaker do?

A tutoring center advertises: "Complaints about our tutors dropped by half this term." What must a reader know before this counts as evidence?

A poster claims: "Four out of five swimmers prefer the new pool hours." The survey asked five swimmers in all. What is the flaw in the reasoning?

A speaker argues: "The new schedule is the best one, because no better schedule exists." Why does this reasoning fail?

An article states: "Studies show that noise harms study habits." No study is named or described. Why is this weak as reasoning?

A report finds that students who eat breakfast score higher on the morning test. Which conclusion does this finding actually support?

A club surveyed only its own members and reports that 92 percent want the club funded. What does that result actually show?

A memo says: "Sales of our juice rose from 200 to 250 crates, so it is now the town's favorite drink." Where does the reasoning give out?

A group tells a panel of engineers that its footbridge design is safe because "people feel calm crossing it." What must the group add for this audience?

A writer hands general readers a page of raw statistical tables to argue for a water filter. What should the writer change so these readers can follow the reasoning?

A student tells science teachers that a fertilizer works because "our garden looked greener this year." What do these readers need instead?

A barangay report: "We repaired 12 of our 15 pumps. Water outages fell from nine days a month to two. Our team has served here since the flood." Which appeal is dominant?

A speech runs: "Our team practices six days a week. Teams that practice six days win more games. So expect us to win more." Which sentence states the conclusion?

An argument runs: "The library is empty at 7 p.m., so we should close it then." What must be true for this reasoning to hold?

A number counts as evidence only when the reader can tell what it measured.

An argument that uses statistics is always stronger than one that uses examples.

A repair shop tarpaulin: "We fixed 1,240 motorcycles last year, and 1,190 owners rated the work good. Our head mechanic has 15 years on the job." Which appeal is dominant?

A flyer states: "87.4 percent of shoppers prefer our stall." No survey is described anywhere on it. What does the exact figure mainly do?

An advertisement argues: "Our soap sells the most, so it cleans the best." Where does the reasoning give out?

A council reports that 15 of its 60 street lamps are broken. Which statement follows from that report?

A trial of later start times found students slept 41 minutes longer, and test scores also rose that term. What can the speaker fairly claim?

An argument says: "Nobody has complained about the ramp, so it works for everyone." What is the gap in the reasoning?

A report of enrollment figures ends with this line: "Every one of those children deserves a fair chance." Which appeal does the last line add?

An argument built on rainfall figures ends with this line: "I have surveyed this river for eleven years." Which appeal does the last line add?

A speaker gives figures, then adds: "You would agree with them if you really cared about this town." What has the speaker done?

A survey of 30 shoppers on one street is used to claim what the whole province prefers. What is the problem with the reasoning?

A seller argues that a lamp pays for itself: it costs PHP 450 and saves PHP 15 on power each month. What does the arithmetic show?

A poster claims that a filter "removes 99.9 percent of what matters." Why is this not yet reasoning?

Which move in a speech asking for road repairs is logos?

A time-capsule letter reads: "To whoever opens this box in 2075, we hope your city still has trees." Which audience does the letter address?

A sign on the school gate reads: "Grade 9 parents coming to today's 3 p.m. meeting, please enter through Gate 2." Which audience does the sign address?

A journal abstract states: "Chlorophyll fluorescence fell sharply after treatment, consistent with photosystem II damage." No term in it is explained. Which readers does the abstract assume?

A barangay flyer says: "Dengue comes from a mosquito that bites in daytime. It lays eggs in clean water left in pots and old tires." Which readers is the flyer written for?

An office circular says: "Before approving overtime for your section, check the remaining budget line, then sign the release form." Which readers does the circular address?

A posted instruction reads: "Log your start time at the terminal, wear the blue vest on the floor, and report any spill to your supervisor." Which readers does it address?

A practice exercise begins: "Dear Manager of any shop that ever sold a broken fan, I am complaining." No shop was named and nothing was sent. Which audience does it address?

An email lists the 42 names of the chess club members in its header and asks each one to confirm attendance by Friday. Which audience does the email address?

A health article writes: "Hypertension means blood pushes too hard against the artery walls." Which feature shows the article is written for laypeople?

A memo to floor workers reads: "Report a jammed roller to your team leader; do not open the guard yourself." Which feature shows the memo addresses rank-and-file readers?

A manual states: "Set the reflux ratio to 3.2 and hold the column at 78 degrees Celsius." Which feature shows the manual is written for experts?

A sealed letter opens: "To the family who will live in this house after we move away." Which feature shows the letter's audience is hypothetical?

A circular says: "Decide which of your two vacant posts to fill first, then endorse the request to HR." Which feature shows it addresses managerial readers?

A recall notice reads: "Anyone who bought Lot 44 canned tuna between June 3 and June 9 may return it." Which feature shows the notice has a real audience?

Ana drafted a talk for an imagined room of marine scientists. It will now be read to Grade 7 pupils. Which change does the real audience require?

A food-safety post was drafted for "anyone curious about kitchens." Shift supervisors of a restaurant chain will now read it. Which change does the real audience require?

A complaint drafted for "the company" in general is now addressed to a named branch manager. Which change matters most?

An essay was drafted for "the voters of the future." It will now be printed in a barangay newsletter read this month. Which change does the real audience require?

A writer aimed her article at an imagined "average reader." Her real readers turn out to be nurses. What can she now do that she could not before?

One guide says: "Serotonin reuptake is inhibited." Another says: "The drug keeps a brain chemical around longer." What audience difference does this show?

Notice at Malaya Foods: "Punch in at Gate 2 from Monday. Bring your ID card. The old gate will be locked." Who is this notice written for?

Memo at Sampaguita Logistics: "Two suppliers quoted PHP 90,000 and PHP 78,000. Pick one by Tuesday so we can sign the contract." What does this memo assume its reader can do?

Notice: "Wear gloves when you lift the trays. Report a cracked tray to your line leader at once." Who is this notice addressed to?

A plant needs its crew to follow a new cleaning step. Which memo suits that rank-and-file audience?

A memo that asks its reader to approve overtime pay treats that reader as a managerial audience.

Memo: "Overtime is now capped at eight hours a week. Tell your team leaders to plan next month's rosters within the cap." Who is this memo written for?

Version A: "Approve the PHP 60,000 repair." Version B: "Use Machine 3 while Machine 1 is repaired." Which version addresses readers who decide rather than readers who do the work?

Memo: "The crew wants a second forklift, at PHP 250,000. Please endorse the request to the board before the meeting." What is the reader assumed to be able to do?

Memo: "From Monday, log each delivery in the blue book before you leave the bay." Which feature shows that this addresses rank-and-file readers?

Memo: "Three lines will close for repairs. Decide which line closes first and tell HR how to redeploy the staff." Who is the intended reader?

A branch wants to open on Sundays. Which memo suits a managerial audience?

Memo: "Headcount is frozen this quarter. Any spending above PHP 100,000 needs your sign-off before we order." Who is this written for?

Memo: "You know about the shortfall. Decide whether we cut the third shift or extend the loan." What does the memo assume about its reader?

A memo goes to a packer with twenty years of service, telling him to follow a new packing order. Which audience does the memo address?

Notice to the crew: "Use the new lifting belt on every load over 20 kilograms." How should this be rewritten for a managerial audience?

Email: "Absences in your team rose to 11 percent. Approve the new leave policy or send us your changes." Which reader does this email assume?

Memo: "Please authorize the PHP 15,000 repair. The crew has already logged the fault in the machine book." Which detail shows the reader is a managerial one?

Memo: "Move the pallets to Bay 4 before 7 a.m. Ask Ana for the pallet jack key." What does the memo assume its reader can do?

Bayanihan Textiles writes two memos about a new delivery route: one reports the savings, the other lists the new stops. Which pairing of text and audience is right?

Circular: "Canteen prices rise by PHP 5 on Monday. Bring exact change so the line moves faster." Who is this circular addressed to?

A journal note reads: 'Serum ferritin fell in the treatment group (p < 0.01); no adjustment was made for baseline hepcidin.' Which readers does this note assume?

A health leaflet says: 'Dengue is a fever spread by a mosquito. The mosquito lays eggs in still water, so empty water containers every week.' Who is this leaflet written for?

A memo ends: 'Please approve the purchase of two tablets for the science laboratory before classes begin.' Which readers is this memo written for?

A staff notice reads: 'At the end of your shift, wipe the counter, write the time in the blue book, and hang your apron on the rack.' Who is it written for?

An essay opens: 'Imagine you are the mayor of a flooded town with one boat and forty families waiting on rooftops.' Which audience does this opening address?

A letter begins: 'Dear Members of the Barangay Council, the drainage plan you approved last Tuesday has now been costed.' Which audience does this letter address?

A manual reads: 'Set the autoclave to 121 degrees Celsius. Place the agar plates, the flat dishes that hold the growth jelly, on the top rack.' Which term is left unexplained?

A doctor's report for colleagues uses the word 'hypertension'. She is rewriting the report for patients and their families. Which change best suits that readership?

A paragraph for the public says: 'This medicine lowers the sugar in your blood.' The writer now prepares the same paragraph for doctors. Which change fits that readership?

A cooperative's report reads: 'Yield gains from 14-14-14 at panicle initiation were largest where soil pH stayed below 5.5.' Which readers does this report assume?

A museum sign reads: 'This jar is earthenware. Earthenware is clay baked at a low heat, so it stays porous and soaks up water unless it is glazed.' Who is the sign for?

An email asks: 'May we move the Friday deliveries to Monday? The change needs your signature before the fifteenth.' Which readers is this email written for?

A screen message reads: 'Log in with your staff number. If the screen freezes, restart it once, then tell your supervisor.' Which readers is this message written for?

A report says: 'Soil salinity, the amount of salt in the soil, was measured by titration after a core was taken from every plot.' Which term does the writer explain?

A writer is checking a leaflet meant for the general public. Which sentence would a lay reader be unable to follow?

Which feature of a text is the strongest evidence that it was written for specialists?

A school report for teachers says: 'The pupil scored at the 12th percentile on working memory.' Which change best suits a version written for parents?

A writer who defines each technical term as it first appears is writing for laypeople rather than for specialists.

A poster must reach parents who never studied science. Which opening line suits that readership best?

A safety guide states: 'If you own a building, you must post this notice by June.' The guide is mailed to registered building owners. Which audience does it address?